茂兰喀斯特森林亚优势种短萼海桐树干液流特征及其环境因子响应

使用热扩散液流探针,于2012年2月—2014年3月连续测定茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林的亚优势种短萼海桐的树干液流,同步测定气温、太阳辐射、降水量和土壤含水量等环境因子,分析海桐树干液流速率和整树蒸腾量在日、季节时间尺度和天气类型下的变化特征,以及液流速率与环境因子的关系。结果表明:海桐单株日均液流速率为(3.14±0.10)g H2O/m2·s中白天和夜间的液流速率分别为(5.20±0.17)g H2O/m2·s和(0.55±0.02)g H2O/m2·s,相差9.45倍。不同天气类型的液流速率表现为:晴天(5.71±0.15)g H2O/m2·s阴天(1.95±0.10)g H2O/m2·s雨天(1.65±0.10)g H2O/m2·s。海桐样树单株日均蒸腾量为(2.10±0.07)kg,范围为(0.09~8.05)kg,其中白天蒸腾量(1.94±0.06)kg和夜间补水耗水量(0.16±0.01)kg分别占日耗水量的92.38%和7.62%。各季节的单株日蒸腾量依次为:夏季(3.32±0.14)kg/d秋季(2.18±0.12)kg/d春季(2.14±0.12)kg/d冬季(0.76±0.05)kg/d。相关分析表明:在不同天气类型的各时段,液流速率均与气温、水汽压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关;太阳辐射在白天时段和全天尺度与液流速率呈极显著正相关;液流速率与降水量在雨天夜间呈极显著正相关,与土壤体积含水量在晴天、阴天的夜间及雨天所有时段呈极显著正相关。在相关分析的基础上,分时间尺度和天气类型建立了单株日均液流速率与环境因子的逐步回归方程。逐步回归结果表明:白天和夜间,影响海桐液流最主要的环境因子分别是太阳辐射和20cm层土壤体积含水量。晴天和阴天,气温对液流的影响高于其它环境因子,在雨天,太阳辐射则是主要影响因子。春季、秋季和冬季,海桐液流主要受太阳辐射控制,夏季则主要受VPD控制。太阳辐射、气温、VPD是影响海桐液流速率的主要环境因子,土壤水分是夜间补水液流的驱动因子。     

Evaluating ecological‐niche factor analysis as a modelling tool for environmental weed management in island systems

Management actions are essential for mitigating the potentially harmful changes in biodiversity, ecosystem function and crop/forest productivity caused by invasive species. Species distribution models, if reliable, could be used to design effective management strategies. Although several modelling methods well suited for studying invasive species have been developed for presence‐only data, often the size of available data sets for modelling is small and results are not validated with test samples. Moreover, the impact of such methods in practical applications has been overlooked. Here, we evaluated the reliability of the modelling approach based on ecological‐niche factor analysis (ENFA) implemented in Biomapper software when applied to environmental weed data in the Azores. Presence‐only data sets of two top invasive woody species (Pittosporum undulatum and Acacia melanoxylon) were used. The continuous Boyce curve was used for validation, calculated either in Biomapper (cross‐validation) or based on test samples. The species' most habitable areas that should be regarded as management targets were thus estimated from modelling and validation. By imposing size restrictions on the presence‐only data sets used in modelling and validation, other habitable areas were defined and compared. The ENFA proved to be a suitable method for modelling environmental weed distributions, regardless of the presence‐only dataset size. Moreover, the cross‐validation of Biomapper was reliable, although its results should be interpreted with caution as they could potentially lead to statistically different management target areas.     

海桐种子的休眠解除与萌发

观赏植物海桐(Pittosporum tobira(Thunb.)Ait.)种子的休眠和萌发特性已被进行了较充分的研究.TTC检测出新鲜海桐种子是高活力的(98%),但在5个恒温和1个变温(12 h/d的光周期)下,其萌发率仅为27%,这说明海桐种子处于休眠状态.经不同浓度(100mM和200 mM)的GA3溶液处理后,新鲜海桐种子的萌发率有所提高;在25/15℃与200 mM的处理下,其发芽率最高是41%,但仍不理想.当经过低温(5℃)处理一段时间(15、30、45、60、90d)后,海桐种子的萌发率显著提高,尤其是在25℃和25/15℃处理下,萌发率分别为87%和95%.此外,冷层积30 d和45 d的海桐种子经200 mM的GA3溶液处理后的萌发率分别达69%和94%,效果显著.可见,海桐种子的休眠是浅生理休眠,单一的GA3溶液处理不能有效地打破海桐种子的休眠,但冷层积90d或200mM GA3溶液处理冷层积45d的种子,可有效地解除其休眠;同时,温度对种子的萌发有较大影响,在适宜的萌发温度(25℃或25/15℃)与周期性(12h/d)光照下,种子的萌发率超过90%.由此推断,海桐种子在自然条件下难以萌发的原因与其生理休眠有关.     

不同浓度NAA和IBA处理对海桐扦插生根的影响

选用两种基质配方即腐叶土:珍珠岩=1∶1和椰壳∶田园土∶腐熟有机肥=1∶1∶1.用不同浓度的吲哚丁酸(IBA)或萘乙酸(NAA)处理海桐插穗,盆钵扦插,研究了两种激素不同处理对其生根效应的影响.结果表明:50 mg/L IBA或NAA浸泡3h,采用腐叶土∶珍珠岩=1∶1的基质进行扦插效果最好,其生根率均达87％,较对照...     

海桐花苯丙氨酸解氨酶的基因克隆与序列分析

从海桐中克隆得到苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因cDNA片段,并命名为PitPAL,GenBank登录号为AY747678。PitPAL长866个bp,编码289个氨基酸。通过核苷酸和蛋白质序列多重比较发现PitPAL与其他植物的PAL基因高度同源。PitPAL编码的蛋白质序列包含与水稻、玉米PAL蛋白质相同的脱氨基位点和催化活性位点。PAL系统进化树表明PitPAL与乔木类植物(如夹竹桃、山茶)的PAL基因聚类关系最近。PitPAL基因的克隆为利用基因工程技术来调控海桐花青苷的合成代谢、以及海桐花的颜色调控提供了基因资源。     

桔绿绵蜡蚧的研究

桔绿绵蜡蚧在保定地区主要为害海桐,每年发生2代,以2龄若虫在叶、枝上越冬。若虫及成虫为害期,可根施15％铁灭克颗粒剂或用40％氧化乐果乳油5～10倍液涂毒环或喷洒内吸性杀虫剂;若虫孵化盛期,喷洒50％辛硫磷或50％杀螟松乳油1000倍液,毒杀活动若虫。     

A study on some anatomical parameters of the piercing-sucking process in leaves and branches of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pittosporum tobira</Emphasis> L. (Pittosporaceae) infested by the cottony cushion scale,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Icerya purchasi</Emphasis> Maskell (Homoptera: Coccina,Margarodidae)

Pittosporum tobira L. (Family Pittosporaceae) is an important plant species grown in parks and gardens in Turkey. The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Coccina, Margarodidae), is an important pest of P. tobira, and causes damage mainly to the leaves, branches and stems of the host plant. In spite of the great economic importance of I. purchasi to its host plant P. tobira, information has been limited on some basic anatomical parameters of the nature of the damage to leaves and branches. The present study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the insertion and penetration of stylets into the leaves and branches of P. tobira, the length of stylets and depth of penetration in both of these tissues, and penetration of stylets into the cortex, xylem and phloem tissues and into the secretory and non-secretory canals of the leaves and branches. The results showed great variations between the leaves and branches in all the criteria observed in I. purchasi infesting P. tobira. The study found 20 whole and 23 broken mouthparts in the leaves as compared to 3 whole mouthparts and 1 broken in the branches. Length of the stylets inserted into the leaves ranged from 33.83 m to 540.93 m and into the branches from 202.85 m to 340.8 m. The stylets reached greater depths in the leaves, at 540.93 m, as compared to 498.67 m in the branches. The stylets in the leaves were associated with 12 secretory canals, but with none in the branches. It was found that three stylets reached xylem in the leaves as compared to one in the branches. Similarly, 17 stylets in the leaves reached to the phloem, but only 2 in the branches. No stylets were found in the cortex of the leaves, but one was found in the branches. In the leaves, 11 stylets reached and remained in the non-secretory canals, but none in the case of the branches.     

海桐种子及果皮抑菌活性初步研究

利用生长速率法和滤纸片法研究了海桐种子及果皮的4种不同极性溶剂提取物对7种植物病原菌和2种细菌的抑制作用。结果表明：各提取物对7种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用，且海桐种子氯仿提取物的抑菌活性最强；对2种细菌无明显抑制作用。     

Preliminary Norms for DRIS to Fertigate Ornamental Shrubs

ABSTRACT

Preliminary norms for foliar tissue were developed for laurustine (Viburnum tinus L.), tobir (Pittosporum tobira Thumb.) and strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) for its use in the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). These norms were generated from high quality plants grown in hydroponic cultures. The values were those of foliar tissues from two growing assays where the total (N) and (NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺) ratio were optimized. These norms were applied to perform DRIS in plants grown in a mix of white peat and vermiculite (75:25 v:v). Nutrient reference levels obtained from hydroponic cultures were appropriate to be used as DRIS norms for these species, because DRIS indexes reflected the nutritive status of these species grown in a fertigated system. These results suggest the need to broaden the range of reference values to include the fertigation reference levels. DRIS detects the nutrient limitations as a consequence of the nutrient imbalance caused by the pH and nutrient concentration in the substrate solution. Therefore, DRIS is an adequate method of diagnosis and can be used to adjust the nutrient solution composition and to improve the nutritional status for these species.     

Growth,water use efficiency,and sodium and potassium acquisition by tomato cultivars grown under salt stress

Three cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cvs. Sera, 898, Rohaba) were grown under different levels of NaCl in nutrient solution to determine effects of salt stress on shoot and root dry matter (DM), plant height, water use efficiency (WUE, g DM kg^‐1 water evapotranspired), shoot sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations, and K versus Na selectivity (S_K,Na). Increasing NaCl concentration in nutrient solution adversely affected shoot and root DM, plant height, WUE, K concentration, and K/Na ratio of all cultivars. Shoot Na concentrations increased with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. Although increasing salt concentration in the solution adversely affected growth of all cultivars, the cultivar Sera had the highest shoot and root DM than the other two cultivars (898 and Rohaba). Shoot and root DM of cultivar 898 was most affected by salt, while cultivar Rohaba had an intermediate salt sensitivity. The cultivar Sera generally had higher WUE values, shoot K concentrations, and S_K,Na, but had lower shoot Na concentrations than the other two cultivars when plants were grown under different salt levels. Greater Na exclusion, higher K uptake and shoot S_K,Na are suggested as being plant strategies for salt tolerance.